Bladder Cancer Diagnosis
Bladder cancer is typically diagnosed using a range of tests and procedures. These tests aim to detect cancerous cells in the bladder and their progression stage. This information can help doctors develop the most effective treatment plan.
Screening & Early Detection
There are no routine screening tests for bladder cancer, but people at higher risk may be recommended for screening. This includes individuals with a family history of bladder cancer, smokers and those exposed to certain industrial chemicals.
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Catching bladder cancer in its early stages, when it is often confined to the bladder’s inner lining, allows for less aggressive treatment and improves the likelihood of successful outcomes.
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Detecting bladder cancer early can be crucial for effective treatment, as it is often easier to treat when it has not yet spread to other tissues. Regular medical check-ups and being aware of the symptoms, especially for high-risk individuals, can lead to earlier diagnosis and better treatment options.
Blood & Urine Tests
Blood and urine tests are used to assess functioning of organs such as the liver and kidneys, which may be diseased. A sample of your blood is taken and used for multiple blood tests for gene and protein changes. The urine may be tested for blood as well as pre-cancerous and cancerous cells.
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Blood tests include Complete blood count and comprehensive metabolic panel. Urinalysis, urine cytology and tumor biomarker testing. These are explained below.
Complete Blood Count
A complete blood count (CBC) is a test that checks the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in blood. Doctors ensure there are enough red blood cells to carry oxygen, white blood cells to fight infections, and platelets to assist with blood clotting.
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) checks key chemicals, proteins, and other substances in your blood. Abnormal levels may indicate issues with organs like the kidney or liver.
Urine Cytology
Urine cytology is a lab test that examines urine for cancerous or precancerous cells. This test may be ordered if there is blood in the urine. The urine sample is sent to a lab where a pathologist examines it under a microscope for any abnormal cells.
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If abnormal cells are detected, it may indicate cancer somewhere in the urinary tract. A cystoscopy will be needed to determine if the cancer is in the urethra or bladder. Imaging tests may be necessary to check the ureters, kidneys, or other areas.
Urine Tests for Tumor Markers
Tumors release cancer cells and these cells can be found in urine. Urine tests are now available to detect certain specific tumor cells, known as biomarkers. Biomarkers may help with diagnosis, for monitoring individuals for signs of recurrence after treatment.
Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy is a procedure used to examine the inside of the urethra and bladder for signs of cancer. It involves inserting a cystoscope, a thin tube with a camera and light on the end, into the urethra and into the bladder.